The driver or passengers are not normally aware of the function – it only intervenes in a situation where a collision is immediately imminent The function can help the driver to avoid a collision when driving in queues, e.g. when changes in the traffic ahead, combined with a lapse in attention, could lead to an incident. The function then activates a short, sharp braking procedure, normally stopping the car just behind the vehicle in front.
The function cannot be deactivated but is always activated.

Subfunctions

Assistance at risk of collision can perform the following steps if necessary:

Collision warning
Assisted braking
Automatic braking
Steering assistance

Step 1 – Collision Warning

If there is a risk of collision with a pedestrian, cyclist, large animal or a vehicle then the driver’s attention is alerted to it by means of a visual, acoustic, and brake pulse warning. There is no brake pulse warning in the event of sudden driver braking or acceleration. The brake pulse frequency varies according to the car’s speed.

Step 2 – Assisted braking

Assisted braking reinforces the driver’s braking action if the system considers that the braking is not sufficient to avoid a collision.

Step 3 – Automatic braking

If the driver has not started to take evasive action and the risk of collision is imminent then the automatic braking function is deployed – this takes place irrespective of whether or not the driver brakes. Braking then takes place with full brake force in order to reduce collision speed, or with limited brake force if it is sufficient to avoid a collision. The seatbelt tensioner can be activated in connection with the engagement of the automatic brake function. The function is designed to be activated as late as possible in order to avoid unnecessary intervention. Automatic braking takes place only after or at the same time as the collision warning.
When brake assistance has prevented a collision with a stationary object, the car remains stationary in anticipation of positive action by the driver. If the car has been braked to avoid collision with a slower vehicle in front its speed is reduced to match that of the vehicle in front. The driver can always interrupt a braking intervention by firmly depressing the accelerator pedal. When the function is activated and brakes, the brake lights are switched on. The driver display shows a text message advising that the function is or has been active.

Warning
The function must not be used by the driver to change his/her driving style – the driver must not rely on the function alone and allow it to do the braking.

Steering assistance

The function can help the driver reduce the risk of the car leaving its lane unintentionally or colliding with another vehicle or obstacle by actively steering the car back into its lane or swerving. Steering assistance does not occur in sequence but can take place regardless of when the other elements occur. After automatic engagement, the driver display indicates that this has occurred via a text message.

Note
It is always the driver who decides how much the car should steer – the car can never take command.

Warning

The function is supplementary driver support intended to facilitate driving and make it safer – it cannot handle all situations in all traffic, weather and road conditions.
The driver is advised to read all sections in the Owner’s Manual that relate to this function to learn about factors such as its limitations and what the driver should be aware of before using the system.
Driver support functions are not a substitute for the driver’s attention and judgment. The driver is always responsible for ensuring the car is driven in a safe manner, at the appropriate speed, with an appropriate distance to other vehicles, and in accordance with current traffic rules and regulations.

Detection of obstacles with assistance at risk of collision

Assistance at risk of collision (Collision Avoidance) can help the driver to detect different types of obstacles. The function can detect pedestrians, cyclists or vehicles that are stationary or moving in the same direction as the car and are ahead. The function can also detect pedestrians, cyclists or large animals that are crossing the road in front of the car.

Warning
Warnings and break interventions could be late or not occur at all. The driver is always responsible that the vehicle is driven correctly and with a safety distance adapted to the speed.

Vehicles

In order for the function to be able to detect a vehicle in the dark, the vehicle’s front and rear lights must be working and clearly illuminated.

Cyclists

Examples of what the function interprets as a cyclist — with clear body outline and bicycle outline.

Good performance requires that the camera and radar units that detect a cyclist must receive the clearest possible information about the body and bicycle outline, requiring the ability to identify the bicycle, head, arms, shoulders, legs, upper and lower body plus a normal human pattern of movement. If large parts of the cyclist’s body or bicycle are not visible to the function’s camera then the system cannot detect a cyclist.For the function to be able to detect a cyclist, he/she must be an adult and riding a bicycle designed for adults.

Warning

The function is supplementary driver support, but it cannot detect all cyclists in all situations and, for example, cannot see:

partially obscured cyclists.
cyclists if the background contrast for the cyclists is poor.
cyclists wearing clothing that obscures the body outline.
bicycles loaded with large objects.

Pedestrians

Examples of what the function regards as pedestrians with clear body outlines.

Good performance requires that the camera and radar units that detect a pedestrian must receive the clearest possible information about the body outline, requiring the ability to identify the head, arms, shoulders, legs, upper and lower body plus a normal human pattern of movement. In order that it shall be possible to detect a pedestrian, there must be a contrast with the background and this will be affected by such things as clothes, the background and the weather. With poor contrast, the pedestrian may either be detected late or not at all, which may mean that warnings and braking are late or omitted. The function can also detect pedestrians in the dark if they are illuminated by the car’s headlamps.

Warning
The function is supplementary driver support, but it cannot detect all pedestrians in all situations and, for example, cannot see:

partially obscured pedestrians, people in clothing that hides their body contour or pedestrians shorter than 80 cm (32 tum).
pedestrians if the background contrast for the pedestrians is poor.
pedestrians who are carrying larger objects.

Large animals

Examples of what the function interprets as large animals – standing still or walking slowly and with clear body outline.
Good performance requires that the system function that detects a large animal (e.g. elk and horse) must receive the clearest possible information about the body outline, requiring the ability to identify the animal directly from the side in combination with what is a normal pattern of movement for the animal. If parts of the animal’s body are not visible to the function’s camera then the system cannot detect the animal. The function can also detect large animals in the dark if they are illuminated by the car’s headlamps.

Warning
The function is supplementary driver support, but it cannot detect all large animals in all situations and, for example, cannot see:

partially obscured large animals.
larger animals seen from the front or from behind.
large animals that run or move quickly.
large animals if the background contrast for the animals is poor.
small animals such as dogs and cats, for example.

Warnings and brake interventions could be late or not occur at all. The driver is always responsible that the vehicle is driven correctly and with a safety distance adapted to the speed.

Speed reduction option with steering assistance at risk of collision

Assistance at risk of collision (Collision Avoidance) can help to prevent a collision or reduce the collision speed. If the speed difference between the driver’s car and the obstacle is greater than the following specified speeds, the automatic brake function cannot prevent a collision but it can mitigate the consequences of a collision.

Vehicles

For a vehicle in front, brake assistance can reduce the speed by up to 60 km/h (37 mph).

Cyclists

For a cyclist, brake assistance can reduce the speed by up to 50 km/h (30 mph).

Pedestrians

For a pedestrian, brake assistance can reduce the speed by up to 45 km/h (28 mph).

Large animals

In the event of a risk of a collision with a large animal, brake assistance can reduce the car’s speed by up to 15 km/h (9 mph). The brake function for large animals is primarily intended to reduce the force of the impact at higher speeds and is most effective at speeds above 70 km/h (43 mph) but less effective at a lower speeds.

Symbols and messages for assistance at risk of collision

A number of symbols and messages regarding assistance at risk of collision (Collision Avoidance) can be shown in the driver display. Here are some examples.

Symbol	Message	Specification
	Automatic intervention Collision Avoidance	When the function is activated, a message is shown to the driver indicating that the system has been activated.
	Collision Avoidance system unavailable	The system is temporarily out of order or is working with reduced performance.
	Collision Avoidance Reduced functionality Service required	The system does not function as it should. Contacting a workshop.
	Windscreen sensor blocked See Owner’s manual	The ability of the camera to scan the roadway in front of the car is reduced.

A text message can be cleared by briefly pressing the button, located in the centre of the steering wheel’s right-hand keypad If a message remains, contact a workshop – an authorised Volvo workshop is recommended.

Limitations for assistance at risk of collision

Assistance at risk of collision (Collision Avoidance) has certain limitations that a driver should be aware of.

Limitations for brake assistance

Extra equipment

Low-hanging objects, e.g. a flag/pennant for projecting load, or accessories such as auxiliary lamps and bull bars that are higher than the car bonnet limit the function since they may obstruct the camera or radar unit.

Skidding

On slippery road surfaces the braking distance is extended, which may reduce the capacity of the function to avoid a collision. In such situations, the anti-lock brakes and the stability control ESC (Electronic Stability Controlv) are designed to give the best possible braking force with maintained stability.

Low speed

The function is not activated at very low speeds – below 4 km/h (3 mph) – and the system therefore does not intervene in situations where your car is approaching a vehicle ahead very slowly, e.g. when parking.

Active driver

Driver commands are always prioritised. The function does not intervene in situations where the driver is steering and accelerating in a decisive manner, even if a collision is unavoidable. Active and aware driving behaviour can therefore delay a collision warning and intervention in order to minimise unnecessary warnings.

Limitations for steering assistance

In certain situations the function may have limited functionality and fail to intervene in the following cases, for example:

for small vehicles, such as motorcycles
if the majority of the car has moved into the adjacent lane
on roads/in lanes with unclear or non-existent lane markings
outside the speed range 60-140 km/h (37-87 mph)
steering assistance for evasive manoeuvres: outside the speed range 50–100 km/h (30–62 mph)
as the steering servo for speed-dependent steering wheel resistance is working at reduced power – e.g. when cooling due to overheating.

Other demanding situations can include:

road works
winter road conditions
narrow roads
poor road surface
a very “sporty” driving style
poor weather with reduced visibility.

In these demanding situations, the function may have difficulty helping the driver correctly.

Important warnings

Warning
Driver supports only warn of obstacles which their radar unit has detected – hence a warning may not be given, or it may be given with a certain delay.

Never wait for a warning or intervention. Apply the brakes when the situation requires.

Warning

Automatic braking can prevent a collision or reduce collision speed, but to ensure full brake performance the driver should always depress the brake pedal – even when the car brakes automatically.
The warning and steering assistance are only activated if there is a high risk of collision – you must therefore never wait for a collision warning or for the function to intervene.
The function does not activate any automatic brake interventions in the event of heavy acceleration.

Warning

Warnings and brake interventions could be implemented late or not at all if a traffic situation or external influences mean that the camera and radar units cannot detect pedestrians, cyclists, large animals or vehicles correctly.
For vehicles to be detected at night, their headlamps and rear lamp cluster must be switched on and shining clearly.
Warnings for stationary and slow-moving vehicles, as well as large animals, may be disengaged due to darkness or poor visibility.
Warnings and brake interventions for pedestrians and cyclists are deactivated at vehicle speeds exceeding 80 km/h (50 mph).
The system can provide effective warnings and brake interventions as long as the relative speed is below 50 km/h (30 mph).
For stationary or slow-moving vehicles, warnings and brake interventions are effective at vehicle speeds up to 70 km/h (43 mph).
Speed reduction for large animals is less than 15 km/h (9 mph) and can be achieved at vehicle speeds above 70 km/h (43 mph). The warning and brake intervention for large animals is less effective at lower speeds.
Do not place, stick or mount anything on the outside or inside of the windscreen in front of or around the camera unit – this can interfere with camera-dependent functions.
Objects, snow, ice or dirt in the area of the camera and radar units may reduce their functionality, fully deactivate them or give incorrect function response.

Note
This function uses the car’s camera and radar units, which have certain general limitations.

Important
Maintenance of driver support components must only be performed at a workshop – an authorised Volvo workshop is recommended.

Collision Avoidance – steering assistance for evasive manoeuvres

Steering assistance can assist the driver to steer away from an obstacle when it is not possible to avoid a collision by braking alone. Steering assistance is always enabled and cannot be deactivated.

Your car steers away.
Slow/stationary obstacle.

The function engages by amplifying the driver’s steering input, which only occurs after the driver has begun to take evasive action – and then only if the driver is not steering enough to avoid a collision. In parallel with the amplified steering input, the brake system is also used to further amplify the steering input. The function also helps to straighten the car again after passing the obstacle.

The function can detect:

vehicles
cyclists
pedestrians
larger animals.

Assistance at risk of collision in crossing traffic

Assistance at risk of collision (Collision Avoidance) can assist the driver when turning and crossing the path of an oncoming vehicle at an intersection.

Sector in which the function can detect oncoming crossing vehicles.

For the function to detect an oncoming vehicle on a collision course, the oncoming vehicle must first enter the sector in which the function can analyse the situation.

In addition:

your car’s speed must be at least 4 km/h (3 mph).
your car must turn to the left in markets with right-hand traffic (or to the right in left-hand traffic).
the oncoming vehicle must have its headlamps switched on.

The function may have difficulty in assisting the driver if, for example:

there are slippery driving conditions and stability control (Electronic Stability Control (ESC)) intervenes.
an oncoming vehicle is detected too late.
an oncoming vehicle is obscured by something.
the oncoming vehicle has headlamps switched off.
the oncoming vehicle drives in an unpredictable manner, for example, abruptly changes lanes at a late stage.

Warning
Warnings and steering assistance due to an impending collision with an oncoming vehicle always come very late.

Note
This function uses the car’s camera and radar units, which have certain general limitations.

Assistance at risk of collision in oncoming traffic

Assistance at risk of collision (Collision Avoidance) can assist the driver to give steering assistance to avoid a collision with vehicles in the oncoming lane. The function can also reduce the speed of the car in order to reduce the force of an impact in the event of encroachment into the car’s own lane.

Meeting in own lane

If an oncoming vehicle enters your car’s lane and a collision is unavoidable, the function can reduce the car’s speed with a view to reducing the force of the impact.

Your car
Oncoming vehicles

For this function to work, the following criteria must be met:

your car must be travelling at more than 4 km/h (3 mph)
the road section must be straight
your car’s lane must have clear lane markings
your car must be positioned straight in its own lane
the oncoming vehicle must be within your car’s lane markings
the oncoming vehicle must have its headlamps switched on
this function can only handle “front to front” collisions
this function can only detect vehicles with four wheels.

When drifting across to oncoming traffic

The function can help a distracted driver who does not notice that the car is drifting into the oncoming lane.

The function can assist by guiding the car back to its own lane.

Oncoming vehicle
Your car

The function is active within the speed range 60-140 km/h (37-87 mph) on roads with clearly visible lane markings/lines. If the car is about to leave its own lane while an oncoming vehicle is approaching at the same time, the function can help the driver to steer the car back into its own lane. However, the function does not intervene with steering assistance if the direction indicator is used. If the function detects that the driver is actively driving the car, activation of the function will be delayed. When the function intervenes, a symbol and a message are shown in the driver display, and an acoustic signal can be heard as well.

Warning
Warnings and steering assistance due to an impending collision with an oncoming vehicle always come very late.

Note
This function uses the car’s camera and radar units, which have certain general limitations.

Collision Avoidance to help avoid impact with a vehicle in the driver’s blind spot

(Option/accessory)

Collision Avoidance (Collision Avoidance) can help a driver who does not notice that the car is about to leave its own lane while an oncoming vehicle is approaching at the same time, either from behind or in the blind spot.

The function can assist by steering the car back to its own lane.

Other vehicle in the blind spot
Your car

The function can even assist if the driver intentionally changes lanes using direction indicators without noticing that another vehicle is approaching.
The function is active within the speed range 60-140 km/h (37-87 mph) on roads with clearly visible lane markings/lines.
The lamps in the door mirrors flash at the same time as the steering input. An acoustic signal can also be heard.
When the function intervenes, a message is shown in the driver display.

Warning
Warnings and steering assistance due to an impending collision always come very late.

Note
This function uses the car’s camera and radar units, which have certain general limitations.

Assistance at risk of run-off

Assistance at risk of collision (Collision Avoidance) can help the driver and reduce the risk of the car accidentally leaving the road by actively steering the car back onto the road. The function has two levels for intervention:

Steering assistance only
Steering assistance with brake intervention

Intervention with steering assistance

Intervention with steering assistance and braking

Brake intervention helps in situations where steering assistance alone is not sufficient. The brake force is adapted automatically depending on the situation at the time of road run-off. The function is active within the speed range 65-140 km/h (40-87 mph) on roads with clearly visible lane markings/lines. The car’s camera unit scans the edges of the road and the painted lane markings. If the car is about to leave the side of the road, the car can be steered back onto the road and if the steering intervention is not enough to avoid a run-off, the brakes are also activated, However, there is no intervention from the function with either steering assistance or brake intervention if the direction indicators are used. If the function detects that the driver is actively driving the car, activation of the function will be delayed. When the function intervenes, a message is shown in the driver display.

Warning
Warnings and steering assistance due to an impending collision with an oncoming vehicle always come very late.

Note
This function uses the car’s camera and radar units, which have certain general limitations.

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